Speed of charged particles streaming from the Sun. Higher speeds (500+ km/s) compress Earth's magnetosphere and boost aurora activity.
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Bz Factor
The north-south component of the interplanetary magnetic field. Negative Bz (southward) is key — it reconnects with Earth's field and lets auroras happen.
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Density
Number of protons per cubic centimetre in the solar wind. Higher density means more particles hitting the magnetosphere, enhancing aurora brightness.
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Bt Total Field
Total strength of the interplanetary magnetic field in nanotesla. Higher Bt amplifies the effect of a southward Bz — stronger field, stronger potential aurora.